Saturday, January 25, 2020

Protection Against Elderly Mistreatment

Protection Against Elderly Mistreatment Elder Mistreatment Laws Carolyn M. Hay Elder mistreatment is an issue that receives more recognition every year, but what many may not know on the subject are the laws and actions taken against elder mistreatment. In the United States, they take this issue quite seriously and have several acts that contribute to the research and prevention of elder mistreatment. They also provide services to help those who are victims of elder abuse and give justice to those who have been hurt. These laws include the Older Americans Act, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, and the Elder Justice Act. Each of these acts have their own personal mission and provide services to the elders who have been abused or mistreated, whether at home or in a healthcare setting. What is very concerning is that not many people, adults and elders alike, know about these laws and do not reach out for help when it is there for them. Older Americans should be aware of these laws and what each of them provides in terms of protection from abuse and also justi ce for the abuse done unto them. The first act is the Older Americans Act (OAA) that was passed in 1965. This act is what created the Administration on Community Living (ACL) whose mission is to, â€Å"develop a comprehensive, coordinated, cost effective system of home and community-based services that helps elderly individuals maintain their health and independence in their homes and communities† (Dong, 2012, p. 2152). But what does this entail exactly? Well the OAA gives grants to the states and local agencies for research and community planning programs for aging and elder abuse. The act has four parts to it that relate to elder mistreatment including Titles II, III, IV, and VII. Title II of the OAA states that the ACL must select someone to be in charge of the research, planning, and developing of elder abuse programs. Title III says that states must have a plan for the grants before they can receive them and then provides them with the grant. Title IV allows the ACL to give grant money for outreach progr ams and projects that relate to elder abuse. Lastly, Title VII makes the ACL give grants to state agencies to educate the community on elder abuse, including caregivers and other professionals. This title also makes the state have someone to take care of the legal services associated with elder abuse and protection. Overall, what the OAA act does is mandates these elder abuse programs in the states and provides the funding for them (Dong, 2012, p. 2152-2153). The second act is the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, or known as the Nursing Home Reform Act, and was passed in 1987. This law was made to ensure the highest quality care for the elderly living in nursing homes. â€Å"The law ‘provides federal statutory protection for residents in certified nursing facilities†¦Residents have the right to privacy, information on medical changes, the right to voice grievances without discrimination, and accommodation of physical, emotional, and social needs,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Watson, 2013, p. 41). Because of this protection, this law is considered to be the most important law that deals with elder abuse. This seems plausible, because many reported cases of elder abuse occur in long term care facilities and nursing homes. This law is substantial because it makes it okay for the elderly living in nursing homes to protect themselves and receive the highest quality care that they deserve (Watson, 2013, p.41). The most recent and last act is the Elder Justice Act, which was passed in 2010 as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This act allows a federal response to elder abuse through community services to help with the prevention, detection, and treatment of it. This act was the first time that Congress addressed elder mistreatment at the federal level. One of the several great parts of this act is the creation of a Nation Training Institute for Surveyors and the provision of grants to the state survey agencies. These surveys are conducted on long-term care facilities for their care of the patients and the health of the residents to make sure that the minimum standards are being met. This is great because these agencies could detect elder abuse in the facility and take necessary action to protect the residents living there. Hopefully this act will lead to bigger and better things in terms of justice for elder abuse in the United States (Colello, 2014, p. 2-9). Now we know what is being done in present time to prevent elder abuse and give justice to those who have been abused, but what needs to be done in the future? First of all, more research needs to be done on the population of the United States to look at the incidence of elder abuse and the risk factors associated with elder abuse. New research should focus on the risk factors associated with the elderly, like dementia, and also the risk factors associated with the abuser, like the work setting. Secondly, the United States must look at elder mistreatment across all cultures and minorities in the country. Again, this research needs to focus on the risk factors and the incidence of elder abuse within each minority. Another factor that needs to be looked at is the rates for which elder abuse is being reported in each minority. With this information we can hope to get a better understanding of elder abuse across the United States, including all of the different minorities and cultures tha t coincide there. With a better understanding, we can raise awareness in all cultures about elder abuse and what can be done to prevent it and give justice to the victims of abuse (Dong, 2012, p. 2153-2154). In conclusion, these three laws are there to protect and give justice to elders that have been abused, and our elderly population should be educated on each of these laws. Each act is associated with elder abuse, but has different actions. The Older Americans Act provides the funding and helps with the planning of elder abuse programs and research in every state. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, or Nursing Home Reform Act, gives elders the right to receive the highest care in nursing homes and helps to protect them with these rights. The Elder Justice Act allows the federal government to respond to elder abuse through community services that help prevent, detect, and treat elder abuse. With future research, the United States can also help to bridge the gap with elder abuse in the different minorities across the nation and get a better overall incidence rate of elder abuse. These laws help to create better protection for the elderly and with future research and understanding, th e United States may be able to significantly decrease the rates of elder abuse in the country. References Colello, K. (2014, September 3). The Elder Justice Act: Background and Issues for Congress. Retrieved June 28, 2015, from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43707.pdf Dong, X. (2012). Advancing the Field of Elder Abuse: Future Directions and Policy Implications.Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society,60(11), 2151-2156. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04211.x Watson, E. (2013). Elder Abuse: Definition, Types and Statistics, and Elder Abuse (Mistreatment and Neglect) Laws.Journal Of Legal Nurse Consulting,24(2), 40-42.

Friday, January 17, 2020

Investigation in Microtubule Dynamic Instability

Title: Investigation in microtubule dynamic instability Introduction Microtubules are important for maintaining cell structure, intracellular transport, formation of mitotic spindle, as well as other cellular processes. Investigation of dynamics of microtubule assembly and disassembly allow us to understand the malfunction of mitotic spindle formation or other cellular processes. This experiment is divided into two parts; we are going to find out the critical parameters for achieving greatest average length of microtubules in part one and achieving the greatest number of microtubules in part two.Principle In this experiment, we used a simulation programme to explore how various factors change the way microtubules grow out from centrosome, and the shrink back. Growth rate, shrink rate, catastrophe rate, rescue rate, release rate, minus end end depolymerization rate, nucleation rate and nucleation site are the factors we can adjust to see how them affects the average length and number of microtubules. The simulation time acceleration is set to 5x real time. Each time a parameter is varied and others are controlled factors.The record is taken when the simulation has reached steady state and graphs are plotted. Results Part1 – How to achieving greatest average length of microtubules Fixed parameter| Shrink rate| Catastrope| Rescue Release| MED| Nuc rate| Nuc sites| Variable Growth rate| 0. 263| 0. 042| 0. 064 0. 024| 0. 8| 0. 02| 180| Result| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Mean| 0. 14| 32. 9| 21. 12| 23. 93| 23. 95| 27. 54| 25. 888| 0. 16| 33. 19| 36. 82| 32. 5| 28. 83| 30. 15| 32. 298| 0. 18| 29. 79| 39. 11| 41. 19| 40. 8| 31. 54| 36. 486| 0. 2| 40. 77| 41. 19| 45. 94| 38. 28| 47. 66| 42. 768| 0. 22| 38. 6| 47. 49| 48. 53| 48. 55| 47. 96| 46. 238| 0. 24| 42. 25| 45. 31| 45. 25| 46. 81| 40. 95| 44. 114| Table1 Figure1 Fixed parameter| Growth rate| Shrink rate| Catastrop/ Release| MED| Nuc rate| Nuc cites| Variable Rescue| 0. 12| 0. 263| 0. 042 0. 024| 0. 8| 0. 02| 180| Resu lt| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| mean| 0. 084| 23. 76| 22. 77| 26. 56| 30. 78| 25. 12| 25. 798| 0. 104| 18. 88| 19. 07| 17. 82| 20. 08| 17. 55| 18. 68| 0. 124| 19. 96| 16. 69| 17. 37| 19. 37| 22. 38| 19. 154| 0. 144| 21. 34| 19. 53| 20. 54| 21. 44| 21. 95| 20. 96| 0. 164| 20. 65| 18. 76| 21. 76| 16. 33| 19. 73| 19. 446|Table2 Figure 2 Discussion Each free tubulin dimer contains one tightly bound GTP molecule that is hydrolyzed to GDP after the subunit is added to a growing microtubules. When polymerization is proceeding rapidly, tubulin molecules add to the end of the microtubule faster that the GTP they carry is hydrolyzed, and the microtubule growth. [1] Varied the growth rate and kept other factors constant, the average length of microtubules should always increase. However, the average length of microtubules rises as growth rate increase from 0. 14 to 0. 22Â µm/sec and stop increasing at 0. 2Â µm/sec. It tends to level off rather than increase at 0. 22Â µm/sec. It means the growth rate is no longer the limiting factor. Some factors other than growth rate, may be the rescue rate, limited the increase of the average length. Rescue rate is the rate at which a shrinking microtubule switches to growing state. We assume the greatest rescue rate, the more the microtubules undergo polymerization. So that the proportion of growing microtubules would increase and the average length rise. Instead of increase, the average length of microtubules drops from 0. 084 to 0. 104Â µm/sec.Increase the rescue rate may trigger the mechanism that lowers the average length of microtubules. It remains at around 20Â µm from 0. 104 to 0. 164Â µm/sec means that that there is no correlation between rescue rate and the average length beyond a point among 0. 084 and 0. 104Â µm/sec. Part2 – How to achieve the greatest number of microtubules Fixed parameter| Growth rate| Catastrop| Rescue Release| MED| Nuc rate| Shrink rate| Variable #nuc site| 0. 12| 0. 042| 0. 064 0. 024| 0. 8| 0. 02| 0. 263| Result| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| mean| 180| 47| 65| 42| 57| 68| 55. 8| 200| 70| 77| 66| 53| 68| 66. | 220| 71| 73| 86| 70| 68| 73. 6| 240| 82| 88| 85| 81| 84| 84| 260| 90| 93| 80| 81| 84| 85. 6| 280| 87| 107| 100| 97| 91| 96. 4| 300| 90| 101| 110| 92| 96| 97. 8| Figure3 Fixed parameter| Growth rate| Shrink rate| Catastrop| Rescue Release| MED| Nuc cites| Variable nuc rate| 0. 12| 0. 263| 0. 042| 0. 064 0. 024| 0. 8| 180| Result| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| mean| 0. 02| 62| 57| 49| 54| 50| 54. 4| 0. 04| 95| 107| 85| 80| 86| 90. 6| 0. 06| 103| 110| 107| 113| 114| 109. 4| 0. 08| 120| 99| 112| 113| 115| 111. 8| 0. 1| 124| 134| 126| 116| 113| 122. 6| 0. 12| 120| 131| 130| 119| 136| 127. | 0. 14| 136| 128| 127| 130| 136| 131. 4| Table4 Figure4 Discussion Centrosomes contain ring-shaped structures formed from ? -tubulin, and each ? -tubulin ring serves as the starting point, the nucleation site, for the growth of one microtubule. The nucleation site acts as a preexisting microtubule structure for -tubulin dimers assembly. [1] We assume the more the nucleation site, the more the microtubules present. According to table3, the number of microtubules is always increasing with the number of nucleation site. There is no sign of level off or decline of the curve.It always is the limiting factor of the number of microtubules. The nucleation rate is the rate at which new microtubules are nucleated at the centrosome. The number of microtubules should be raised if the nucleation rate increase since new microtubules generated. Indeed, the number of microtubules is raised as the nucleation rate increased. From 0. 02 to 0. 06Â µm/sec, the increase of microtubules is sharp and starts to slow down afterward. The trend shows that the curve would level off at certain level eventually. It means there are some factors other than nucleation rate control the number of microtubules.The number of nucleation site may be the limiting factor as all nucleation sites are occupied by the microtubules, so that n o new microtubules generated. Limitations In actual cell, the number of tubulin dimer is limited. This factor is not shown in this simulation programme. The temperature and the pH may affect the configuration and polymerization of the microtubules. There are some microtubules not attached to the centrosome, but present in cilia and flagella. It is not clearly stated by the simulation programme whether these microtubules is counted. ConclusionsBesides the growth rate, there are other limiting factors controlling the average length of microtubules. We cannot achieve the greast average length of microtubules by consider growth rate is the only factor. We found that we should keep the rescue rate at 0. 084Â µm/sec or below. Also, more information about the rescue rate below 0. 084Â µm/sec should be obtained. Both nucleation site and nucleation rate are the factors controlling the number of microtubules. But the nucleation site is more critical than the nucleation site. The above show the nucleation rate is restricted by other factors but the nucleation sites does not.We should examine another set of data by varying the nucleation rate with more nucleation site. If the plateau of new obtain curve is above the original curve, nucleation site is limiting factor of the number of microtubules. Similar experiment should be established with different combination of parameters in order to obtain the best curve. In short, there is not enough information for us to draw conclusion for how to achieve the greatest average length and greatest number of microtubules unless we obtain more data. Reference 1. Alberts et al,. (2010) Essential Cell Biology, 3rd Garland Science, p. 579-580

Thursday, January 9, 2020

A New Era Of Terrorism - 3093 Words

The notion that we are in a â€Å"new† era of terrorism is a concept frequently discussed by many scholars. Despite the term being coined in the 1990s, it has quickly gained significance after 9/11. This ‘New’ era is presumably characterized by many factors such as(Duyvesteyn,2010,p443); religious fanaticism rather than the political motivations of traditional Right Wing Dissident Terrorists(RWDT’s); the deliberate targeting of innocent civilians; shift to the use of loosely organised networks as opposed to RWDT’s vertically organized hierarchical structure; tendency of ‘new’ terrorists to operate along transnational lines; and the potential of Weapons of Mass Destruction(WMD’s), with the intention to distribute maximum destruction. However, this concept has been challenged by the fact that traditional RWDT’s have conducted indiscriminate acts of violence; as well as there being evidence of ‘New’ terrorists not being purely religiously oriented. This suggests that there are several ideological similarities that ‘new’ terrorism may share with traditional RWDT. Despite this there are also inconsistencies with its characteristics, such as the lack of WMD’s in the tactics of ‘New’ terrorists. Sceptics argue that this terrorism may not necessarily be ‘new’ but rejuvenated and could potentially be ‘artificial’(Kurtulus,2011,p479). Spencer (Kurtulus, p479) captures the possibility of ‘New’ terrorism being used profoundly at a time of peril and heightened concerns (9/11) in order toShow MoreRelatedEssay about A New Era of Terrorism1032 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Florida Constitution, which grounds the right to religious freedom. Cases like this have allowed the Criminal Justice System to give birth to other ways of identifying people. Today’s generation of portable electronic measurement devices offer new possibilities. A routine police patrol pulls over a vehicle for traffic violation. 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Wednesday, January 1, 2020

The And The Roles Of A Pharaoh - 859 Words

Rameses Colossals And the Roles of a Pharaoh What do Rameses 4 colossal statues tell us? What was Rameses trying to demonstrate to the world with their imagery and design? Rameses could have been telling us anything. What is certain that not only the 4 colossal statues of the Great Pharaoh himself, but the surrounding statues and images combined depict the three most important roles of a pharaoh. Before the statues can tell us about the roles of a pharaoh, we first have to know what they are. The roles of a pharaoh are a bit different then what we would typically see in modern monarchs. Lord of Two Lands , pharaoh is the ruler of both Upper and Lower Egypt, Joshua Mark wrote that he made the laws, owned all the land in Egypt, collected taxes and made war or defended the country against aggression (Mark, Pharaoh). After knowing what the tile means, that is an role you would expect from any ruler or King, it just had a fancy name to it in ancient Egypt. Pharaoh was also the High Priest . Being the representation of the Gods on Earth, it was Pharaoh role to preform rituals. Not only rituals, Mark also wrote that it was Pharaohs duty to build great temples and monuments and paying homage to the Gods of the land (Mark, Pharaoh). Now monuments to God and rituals of some kind could be seen today, but with the exception of Henry VIII, church and state are usually separated. SHAFRON !1 ï ¿ ¼Lastly a pharaoh is the Father of the Land . A pharaoh represents the God Ra onShow MoreRelatedExplain What Tutankhamun’s Tomb and Its Contents Reveal About the Role of a New Kingdom Pharaoh1609 Words   |  7 Pagesreveal about the role of a New Kingdom Pharaoh. The tomb of King Tutankhamun was discovered in 1922 by British archaeologist Howard Carter. Many secrets were revealed about the life of Tutankhamun and his role as a New Kingdom pharaoh through the contents found in his tomb. As well as being the ruler of Egypt, Tutankhamun took on many other roles and responsibilities. The vast amount of treasures and wall paintings in his tomb, provide sufficient evidence as to what kinds of roles and responsibilitiesRead MoreUsing a Variety of Evidence from the Tomb of Tutankhamun, Discuss the Role/Life of the Pharaoh in New Kingdom Egypt.819 Words   |  4 PagesThe pharaoh was undoubtedly the most important terrestrial figure in ancient Egypt and played a significant role in the functioning of Egyptian society. Entrusted with governing the realm of Egypt and providing a link between the Egyptian people and the gods, pharaohs were â€Å"an essential element in the maintenance of the position of society in the order of creation†. 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Much of what we know to be factualRead MoreAncient History Assess the Contribution and Impact of at Least Two Queens During This Period.1559 Words   |  7 PagesQueens played great roles during the period of New kingdom Egypt. They were known as the Great Royal Wifes of the pharaohs and contributed politically, religiously and diplomatically influencing the roles of women during this period, and even future queens. Queen Tiye was an important influence on new kingdom Egypt and was the key wife of Amenhotep III and they ruled a peaceful reign. Tiye was the daughter of Yuya which was a officer in the chariotry, priest of min and Tuya (chief of harem of AmunRead MoreEssay about Tutankhamuns Tomb935 Words   |  4 Pagestreasures were seen as a continuation of the life of the Pharaoh before his death. It was therefore seen as essential that the favourite items belonging to King Tut would be buried with him in his tomb. Tutankhamuns tomb reveals a great amount about the role and life of the pharaoh, burial customs, religious beliefs and craftsmanship of New Kingdom Egypt. The Chariot of Tutankhamun reveals an excessive amount about the role and life of a pharaoh. The six chariots that Howard Carter discovered in the